Subject(s)
Quackery , Hypnosis/history , Medicine, Traditional/history , Argentina , History, 19th CenturyABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: los profesionales dedicados a la medicina natural y tradicional deben establecer y divulgar las evidencias científicas para su uso adecuado y seguro. Objetivos: identificar artículos científicos relacionados con investigaciones clínicas sobre medicina natural y tradicional en revistas médicas cubanas y describir algunas de sus características. Material y Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal; se analizaron los artículos originales publicados entre los años 2007 y 2018 en seis revistas médicas cubanas: Plantas Medicinales, Medicina Natural y Tradicional, Medicina General Integral, Estomatología, Medicina Militar y Farmacia; realizados en personas y en Cuba. Se identificó año de publicación, tipo de estudio (descriptivo, analítico, ensayo clínico), variable principal (eficacia, seguridad, otros), provincia dónde se ejecutó; en los ensayos clínicos se identificó la modalidad empleada, la enfermedad del paciente y el nivel de atención de salud en que se realizaron. Resultados: se encontraron 36 artículos; se publicaron más en los años 2007 y 2016; 69,4 % eran ensayos clínicos; la mayoría se realizó en La Habana (41,6%). En los ensayos clínicos las modalidades más estudiadas fueron la acupuntura (28,0 %) y la fitoterapia, 20,0%; se emplearon más en pacientes con enfermedades estomatológicas, 28,0%; su ejecución predominó en el nivel primario de atención de salud, 64,0%. Conclusiones: fueron insuficientes los artículos relacionados con investigaciones clínicas sobre medicina natural y tradicional que se publicaron en seis revistas que abordan esta temática, esta situación atenta contra la prescripción de esta opción terapéutica, basada en evidencias científicas (AU).
SUMMARY Introduction: the professionals devoted to natural and traditional medicine should study and publish the scientific evidences for its rational and safe use. Objectives: to identify scientific articles related to clinical researches on natural and traditional medicine in Cuban medical journals and to describe some of their characteristics. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study; the authors analyzed the original articles published in the period 2007-2018 on researches made in Cuban people and in Cuba in six Cuban medical journals: Plantas Medicinales, Medicina Natural y Tradicional, Medicina General Integral, Estomatología, Medicina Militar y Farmacia. The year of publication, kind of study (descriptive, analytic, clinical trial), main variable (efficacy, safeness, others), and province where they were identified; in the case of clinical trial: the used modality, the patient's disease and the level of the health care where they took place were also identified. Results: 36 articles were found; the years when they were published the most were 2007 and 2016; 69.4 % were clinical trials; most of them were carried out in La Habana (41.6 %). In clinical trials, the most studied modalities were acupuncture (28.0 %) and physiotherapy (20.0 %); they were used more in patients with dental diseases (28.0 %); they were used mainly at the primary health care (64.0 %). Conclusions: there were insufficient the articles related to clinical researches on natural and traditional medicine published in six journals approaching these themes; this situation attempts against the use of this therapeutic use, based on scientific evidences (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Research/classification , Medicine, Traditional/history , Periodicals as Topic , Societies , Clinical Trials as Topic/methods , Journal ArticleABSTRACT
Resumo Este trabalho analisou um artefato (um livro de saúde) concebido pelo povo maxakali, denominado Hitupmã'ax: curar (2008). Tangenciado o projeto de produção do livro, o objetivo foi entender o processo de negociação da saúde pública no Brasil, dentro de uma perspectiva histórica e intercultural das epistemologias não ocidentais. Constatamos que a construção da obra maxakali representa um esforço para diminuir a distância da percepção e dos cuidados de saúde entre indígenas e não indígenas, e por essa via demonstramos a importância desse projeto intercultural para a efetivação de políticas públicas voltadas para o público indígena em geral e, especificamenete, para a promoção da história, dos saberes e da cultura maxakali.
Abstract This study analyzed an artifact (a book on health) conceived by the Maxakali people, called Hitupmã'ax: curar (2008). Parallel to the project for the production of this book, the aim was to understand the negotiation of public health in Brazil from a historical and intercultural perspective of non-Western epistemologies. It was found that the construction of the Maxakali work represented an effort to bridge the gap in the perception of health and health care between indigenous and non-indigenous people. This was then used to demonstrate the importance of this intercultural project for the shaping of public policies for indigenous people in general and particularly for the promotion of the history, knowledge, and culture of the Maxakali people.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Books/history , Indians, South American/history , Delivery of Health Care/history , Medicine, Traditional/history , Brazil , Indians, South American/legislation & jurisprudence , Delivery of Health Care/ethnology , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Acculturation/history , Language/historyABSTRACT
Resumen En este ensayo se discute la situación de la atención a la salud en Mesoamérica antes e inmediatamente después de 1519. En los primeros 50 años después de la Conquista, los españoles hicieron un uso muy extensivo de la medicina náhuatl. Sin embargo, con el tiempo, el ámbito de influencia de esta tradición se vio limitado debido a la rápida imposición de un sistema de atención muy diferente que poco aprovechó, entre otras cosas, la riqueza terapéutica de la medicina prehispánica.
Abstract This paper discusses the situation of healthcare in Mesoamerica before and immediately after 1519. In the first 50 years after the Conquest, the Spaniards made extensive use of Nahuatl medicine. However, the influence of this medical tradition was limited due to the rapid imposition of a very different medical system which took little advantage of, among other things, the therapeutic wealth of pre-Hispanic healing traditions.
Subject(s)
History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , Delivery of Health Care/history , Medicine, Traditional/history , Delivery of Health Care/ethnology , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Epidemics/history , Hospitals/history , MexicoABSTRACT
RESUMEN Este trabajo discute los modelos dominantes y las tensiones, al interior del campo de la salud, entre la concepción del cuerpo humano (máquina); el proceso de trabajo médico (modelos industriales o artesanales); las institucionalidades (hospitales y centros de salud) y los principales agentes (corporación médica y complejo médico industrial). El análisis se contextualiza en EEUU desde fines del siglo XIX a la actualidad. Se discuten dimensiones económico-políticas, ideológico-culturales y científico-técnicas, que atraviesan la historicidad del campo. El propósito es elucidar cómo se viene transformando el campo de la salud, y qué peso tiene la razón instrumental y el capital financiero en ese proceso, en detrimento de lo relacional.
ABSTRACT This work discusses the dominant models and tensions within the health field regarding the conceptualization of the human body (as a machine), the process of health work (industrial and artisanal models), institutions (hospitals and health centers) and primary agents (the medical corporation and the medical industrial complex). The context of analysis is the United States from the end of the 19th century to the present. Economic-political, ideological-cultural, and scientific-technical dimensions are discussed, which permeate the historicity of the field. The purpose is to illustrate how the health field has transformed over time, as well as the role instrumental reason and financial capital has played in this process, to the detriment of relational aspects.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Philosophy, Medical/history , Health Personnel/history , Human Body , Delivery of Health Care/history , Industry/history , Medicine, Traditional/history , United States , Robotics/history , Robotics/trends , Delivery of Health Care/methods , Delivery of Health Care/trends , Medicalization/history , Health Facilities/historyABSTRACT
RESUMEN En los últimos 26 años, el gobierno mexicano desarrolló múltiples discursos y actividades sobre la denominada "salud intercultural" dirigidos, en especial, a los pueblos originarios de México (alrededor de 62, de acuerdo al criterio lingüístico), y construyó establecimientos de salud (puestos de salud, clínicas y hospitales) en los que propuso la aplicación de indicadores de pertinencia cultural en algunos estados como Puebla, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Querétaro y Jalisco (mínimos e insuficientes). Sin embargo, la salud indígena y la atención médica institucional siguen siendo precarias en cuanto a recursos humanos y materiales (personal sanitario, medicamentos, etc.), y discriminatorios con relación a la forma y al contenido de la atención que se brinda. En este artículo, detallamos algunas de las intervenciones del gobierno que suponen un avance institucional sobre el tema de interculturalidad en salud pero que, en el fondo, significan la continuidad de políticas arbitrarias y excluyentes.
ABSTRACT Over the last 26 years, the Mexican government has developed a number of activities and discourses around what has been called "intercultural health," directed especially at indigenous peoples in Mexico (some 62, according to linguistic criteria). In this way, the government has built health care institutions (rural centers, clinics, and hospitals) in states like Puebla, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Queretaro, and Jalisco, proposing the implementation of cultural pertinence indicators (which are minimal and inadequate). Nevertheless, the health conditions among indigenous populations and the quality of health care provided by public institutions continue to be precarious in terms of human and material resources (health personnel, drugs, etc.) and discriminatory with respect to the form and content of the provided services. This paper describes some of the governmental interventions that purport to be institutional improvements in the field of interculturality, but that actually represent the continuity of arbitrary and exclusive policies.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Indians, Central American , Healthcare Disparities/history , Culturally Competent Care/history , Health Policy/history , Health Services, Indigenous/history , Medicine, Traditional/history , Health Status Disparities , Healthcare Disparities/ethnology , Racism/ethnology , Racism/history , Culturally Competent Care/ethnology , MexicoABSTRACT
O presente trabalho constitui uma pesquisa de cunho teórico, na qual é traçado um breve percurso histórico das práticas de cura tradicionais e se faz também uma discussão sobre sua permanência e eficácia na contemporaneidade, apesar dos avanços na área da ciência médica. Tendo em vista a importância crescente da subjetividade na medicina contemporânea, nossa hipótese visa salientar que a objetivação do sujeito doente, operada pelas práticas médicas, condena a subjetividade a um segundo plano e representa uma lacuna importante nas propostas terapêuticas do modelo biomédico. Nosso objetivo é interrogar o lugar das práticas tradicionais de cura nessa lacuna deixada pela medicina e no que tais práticas podem contribuir para o modelo médico.
Ce travail est une recherche théorique où l'on esquisse un bref parcours historique sur les pratiques traditionnelles de cure et on fait aussi un débat sur leur permanence et efficacité dans le monde contemporain, malgré les avancées dans le domaine de la médecine scientifique. En rendant compte l'importance croissante de la subjectivité dans la médecine contemporaine, notre hypothèse souligne que l'objectivation du sujet malade opérée par les pratiques médicales condamne à l'oubli la subjectivité et produit une lacune importante dans les démarches thérapeutiques du modèle biomédical. Notre objectif en est celui d'interroger la place des pratiques traditionnelles de cure dans cette lacune laissée par la médecine et comment ces pratiques peuvent-elles contribuer avec le modèle médical actuel.
Este trabajo esboza un camino histórico por las prácticas tradicionales de cura y, junto a esto, una discusión sobre la permanencia y la eficacia de estas prácticas en el mundo contemporáneo, a pesar de los progresos de la medicina científica. Considerando la importancia creciente de la subjetividad en la medicina contemporánea, nuestra hipótesis destaca que la objetivación del sujeto enfermo operada por las practicas medicales impone un olvido de la subjetividad y produce un vacío importante en las terapéuticas del modelo biomédico. Nuestra meta es investigar el lugar de las prácticas tradicionales de cura en este vacío de sentido de la medicina y se ellas pueden enseñar algo al modelo médico actual.
Abstract This article is a theoretical study featuring a brief historical outline of traditional healing practices and also a discussion on their persistence and efficiency in the contemporary world, despite the advances of scientific medicine. Given the increasing relevance of subjectivity in contemporary medicine, our hypothesis aims to emphasize that the objectivation of patients by medical practices eclipses the role of subjectivity and reveals an important deficit in the therapeutics of the biomedical model. Our aim is to understand the role of traditional healing practices and how they may contribute to the medical model.
Subject(s)
Medicine, Traditional/history , Medicine, Traditional/psychology , History of Medicine , Pain/psychology , Stress, PsychologicalABSTRACT
Se describe la relación de la anatomía con la aruspicina, también conocida como hieroscopia y extispicina. Se trata del método de adivinar, examinado las vísceras de un animal sacrificado e interpretando detalles de esta anatomía macroscópica con el fin de predecir el futuro, siempre ligado a una voluntad divina. Eran las antiguas civilizaciones las que practicaban este arte supersticioso de adivinar basados en la conformación anatómica que presentaban dichas vísceras. Por estas razones, es muy probable que estos individuos hayan desarrollado un notable conocimiento de la anatomía y que hayan utilizado una terminología anatómica propia que hoy desconocemos por falta de documentación.
The relation between anatomy with haruspicina (also called hieroscopia and extispicina) is described. This is the method to guess, examined the entrails of a slaughtered animal and interpreting details of this gross anatomy in order to predict the future, always linked to a divine will. Ancient civilizations were those who practiced this art to guess superstitious based on anatomical conformation presenting these viscera. For these reasons, it is likely that these individuals have developed considerable knowledge of anatomy and have their own anatomical terminology used today unknown for lack of documentation.
Subject(s)
Animals , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Forecasting , Medicine, Traditional/history , Viscera/anatomy & histology , Anatomy , History of Medicine , SuperstitionsABSTRACT
La historia de la medicina cubana ha transitado por diferentes etapas y ha tenido sus orígenes en el hechicero-curandero, también llamado Behique, quien fue el iniciador de los procederes terapéuticos en las luchas de los aborígenes contra el invasor. Esta actividad se desarrolló en condiciones difíciles por los médicos que participaron en las guerras independentistas como integrantes de la sanidad militar mambisa. Esta tradición también estuvo presente en los galenos del ejército rebelde y al triunfar la revolución en 1959 se incrementó con la formación de los que ejercen esta profesión en la esfera militar, utilizando además los adelantos científicos-tecnológicos en el campo de la medicina. Se pretende hacer un recorrido por la historia de la formación del profesional de salud que participó en los conflictos bélicos desde el origen de los Behiques hasta los momentos actuales(AU)
The history of Cuban medicine has traveled through different stages and its origins are sorcerer-healer, also called behique, who was the initiator of the therapeutic procedures in the aboriginal struggles against the invader. This activity was developed under difficult conditions by doctors who participated in the wars of independence as members of the mambí military health corp. This tradition was also present in the doctors of the rebel army. When the Revolution triumphed in 1959, this practice of training increased for those in the military sphere, also using scientific and technological advances in the field of medicine. It is intended to make a journey through history of the health professional formation who participated in the warlike conflicts since its original behique to the present times(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , History of Medicine , Medicine, Traditional/history , Military Medicine/history , CubaABSTRACT
El empacho, el mal de ojo, los aires, el susto o espanto, son las principales y más reconocidas enfermedades populares latinoamericanas. Sobre el empacho la información médica, histórica y etnográfica es extensa y profunda, pues existen documentos que la registran desde el siglo XVI hasta tiempos recientes (2014), y para el caso chileno lo encontramos desde 1674. Para esta revisión fueron consultadas 109 fuentes documentales procedentes de las principales bibliotecas del país e incluso foráneas. Se encontró que la enfermedad es conocida en todo el territorio. Se trata de un trastorno de vías digestivas ocasionado por excesos alimentarios y la ingesta de productos poco o nada digeribles que provocan alteraciones del tránsito gastrointestinal. Los datos clínicos sobresalientes son gastralgia, diarrea o estreñimiento, vómitos, fiebre y otros malestares. La enfermedad es tratada a nivel doméstico, y en caso necesario se emplean especialistas populares, con excepcional visita al médico académico. Los tratamientos son múltiples, complejos y combinados; abarcan desde productos herbolarios hasta elementos rituales, sin faltar la denominada «quebradura del empacho¼. Esta somera revisión del empacho en Chile permitirá al médico pediatra adentrarse al mundo de los saberes y prácticas populares con la finalidad de mejorar su atención a los pacientes infantes y sus acompañantes familiares, pero también inducir al estudio serio y sistemático sobre esta entidad nosológica que seguirá existiendo a través del tiempo.
«Empacho¼ (abdominal pain and bloating), «mal de ojo¼ (evil eye), «los aires¼ (illnesses said to be caught by catching draughts), «el susto¼ or «espanto¼ (fright or panic), are the principal and most well-known popular Latin American illnesses. As regards empacho, the medical, historical and ethnographic information is extensive and detailed, since there documents recording it from the 16th century until recent times (2014), and in the case of Chile since 1674. For this review, 109 source documents from libraries in Chile, including some foreign ones, were consulted. It was found that the illness is known all over the country. It is a digestive system disorder caused by over-eating and the ingestion of products difficult to digest or indigestible, which cause problems in gastrointestinal transit. The most significant clinical data are gastralgia, diarrhoea or constipation, vomiting, fever, and other discomforts. The illness is treated at home, and if necessary, popular specialists are employed, with a visit to a qualified doctor being exceptional. There are many complex and combined treatments, which go from herbal products to ritual elements, not forgetting the so-called «quebradura del empacho¼. This review summary of empacho in Chile should enable the paediatrician to enter the world of popular knowledge and practices with the aim of improving the care of child patients and their families. It should also lead to the serious and systematic study of this nosological condition that will continue to exist in the future.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Abdominal Pain/etiology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/history , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Gastrointestinal Transit , Chile , Pediatricians/organization & administration , Gastrointestinal Diseases/physiopathology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/therapy , Medicine, Traditional/historyABSTRACT
Ao se encontrarem no Brasil Imperial, a medicina acadêmica e a popular não entraram em rota de colisão. Apesar das tensões e dos distanciamentos entre os dois domínios, havia entre eles vários pontos de intersecção e convivência. Entre os elementos que contribuíram para que as fronteiras não fossem tão rígidas, destacam-se os manuais ou livros de medicina autoinstrutivos, como os de autoria do médico polonês Pedro Luis Napoleão Chernoviz (1812-1881). O papel desses compêndios é analisado pela médica Regina Cotrim, que descortina meandros da medicina no século XIX. Apresento uma medicina oficial que não se enclausurou nos debates internos da Academia Imperial de Medicina ou nas publicações de médicos para seus pares, e tampouco teria tomado de assalto os lares da sociedade patriarcal, definindo e fiscalizando normas de higiene. Paralelamente, procuro esclarecer que a medicina popular não se restringiria apenas a ervas e benzeduras.
Subject(s)
Male , Humans , History of Medicine , Medicine, Traditional/history , Physicians/history , Famous Persons , Manuals as TopicABSTRACT
Se presenta una lista de remedios médicos basados en el uso de anfibios en la medicina popular española y en el Mundo Clásico. Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión de la bibliografía relativa a estudios de folklore, trabajos etnográficos e investigaciones en antropología social o médica. Se documenta un total de 113 remedios y el uso de nueve especies de anfibios, dos pertenecientes a la familia de los caudados (urodelos) y siete anuros. La mayoría de los remedios se basa en la "preconcepción" popular sobre la influencia de los mismos y la sanación mediante la transmisión del mal a un ser vivo. Se destaca el uso tradicional de algunas especies amenazadas, dato a tener en cuenta a la hora de tomar decisiones en el campo de la biología de la conservación y la educación ambiental.
This article presents a list of medical remedies based on the use of amphibians in Spanish popular medicine and in the classical world. It provides an overview of bibliography relative to folklore studies, ethnographic work and research on social or medical anthropology. It documents a total of 113 remedies and the use of nine species of amphibians, two from the family of caudates (urodeles) and seven anurans. Most of these remedies are based on the popular "preconception" about the influence of amphibians and healing by transmitting an illness to a living creature. The traditional use of certain threatened species is emphasized, an issue to bear in mind in decision-making in the field of conservation biology and environmental education.
Subject(s)
Animals , History, Ancient , History, 16th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Pharmacopoeias as Topic/history , Amphibians , Medicine, Traditional/history , SpainABSTRACT
O trabalho analisa aspectos do exercício dos ofícios de cura de médicos e barbeiros-sangradores no Rio de Janeiro, entre 1840 e 1889, com base em nomes e endereços encontrados no Almanaque Laemmert. Além de localizar geograficamente os espaços de atuação desses agentes na cidade, são identificados os anunciantes que se repetiram ao longo do tempo e aqueles que mudaram de endereço. O cruzamento com dados das fontes cartoriais e eclesiásticas, que indicam objetos relacionados à prática terapêutica, como sarjetas, globos para sangrar e navalhas, permite compreender melhor as mudanças na atuação desses terapeutas em contexto caracterizado pela desqualificação das artes de cura populares, a crise da escravidão e mudanças nas concepções acadêmicas sobre as doenças.
This work analyzes aspects of the healing work performed by doctors and barber- surgeons in Rio de Janeiro between 1840 and 1889, based on the names and addresses in the Laemmert Almanaque. This not only provided the geographic location of where these agents were active within the city, but also identified the advertisers who featured repeatedly and those who moved to other locations. By cross-referencing this data with notary public sources and church records, which identified objects used in therapeutic practices, such as fleams, cupping-glasses and lancets, one can to better understand the way these therapists worked in a context characterized by the disqualification of the popular arts of healing, the slavery crisis and changes in academic concepts about diseases.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , Barber Surgeons/history , Physicians/history , Brazil , Medicine, Traditional/historyABSTRACT
Nos finais do século XIX, os relatórios dos serviços de saúde compõem um repositório de informação sobre as principais enfermidades em Moçambique e os impactos da sua frequência, bem como sobre os procedimentos e métodos no combate à doença, num quadro regional cuja descrição remete para um conhecimento alargado das características e potencialidades dos vários distritos e das condições de vida da população. Este artigo evidencia que estes relatórios constituem um espaço privilegiado não só para o estudo do processo de implantação do poder colonial português em Moçambique, como para o estudo da medicina tropical numa perspetiva que tenha em conta as condições específicas do território e que enquadra historicamente a problemática da doença e da cura.
In the late nineteenth century, health service reports constituted a repository of information on the main diseases in Mozambique and the impacts of their frequency, as well as on the procedures and methods used to fight disease within a regional framework whose description indicates a broad knowledge of the characteristics and potentials of the various districts and of the living conditions of the people. The objective of this article is to highlight that these reports constitute a privileged source not only for the study of the process of cementing Portuguese colonial rule in Mozambique, but also for the study of tropical medicine from a perspective that takes into account the specific conditions of the region, and which provides historical information on the analysis of the problems related to disease and cure.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , Humans , Health Services/history , Medicine, Traditional/history , Phytotherapy/history , Disease/history , History of Medicine , Hospitals/history , Medical Records , Mozambique , Pharmacies/historyABSTRACT
La investigación titulada Salud y enfermedad en Ayacucho: La medicina tradicional en el escenario del siglo XXI es una evaluación aproximativa del proceso de la medicina tradicional en la ciudad de Ayacucho, espacio de la sierra sur-central del Perú que, culturalmente, formó parte del antiguo mundo andino. Históricamente, Ayacucho fue el escenario de acontecimientos que marcaron algunos procesos sociales, culturales y políticos del país. La ciudad fue fundada poco después de la invasión española; por ello, la irrupción de la cultura foránea modificó procesualmente las cosmovisiones de las culturas del antiguo Perú. Así pues, el decurso convergente de nuevos paradigmas y el rico bagaje ancestral de conocimientos y formas diversas de entender el mundo sellan el trasfondo de lo que ocurrió y ocurre con la variedad de percepciones sobre estas dicotomías: salud- enfermedad y enfermar-morir. La medicina tradicional, desde la perspectiva de los usuarios y operadores de este sistema de salud, crea y recrea permanentemente la utilización de procedimientos rituales, símbolos, recursos naturales y elementos de la farmacopea moderna con el propósito de restablecer la salud de los ciudadanos afectados principalmente por los síndromes culturales o males de filiación cultural. La existencia de muchos médicos andinos o hampiq significa el "florecimiento" de diversos sistemas de salud de origen ancestral en una realidad globalizada donde predomina el sistema médico oficial, el cual no resuelve totalmente los males de salud que afectan a la actual población ayacuchana. El enfoque antropológico de esta problemática pretende abrir nuevos caminos de investigación para rescatar y ampliar estos conocimientos, y legitimar la vigencia de "lo nuestro" en una sociedad que hoy cambia vertiginosamente.
Subject(s)
History, 21st Century , Health Systems , Attitude to Health , Medicine, Traditional/history , PeruABSTRACT
Las prácticas de uso y consumo de medicamentos permiten analizar la inserción de la biomedicina y las acciones de salud pública entre los pueblos indígenas. OBJETIVO: Analizar uso, circulación y significado otorgado a los medicamentos por comunidades tapiete, guaraní, mbya-guaraní, pilagá y toba, en ámbitos rurales y periurbanos de las provincias argentinas de Salta, Formosa y Misiones. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, comparativo y exploratorio, basado en técnicas cualitativas: observación y entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas en hospitales, centros de salud, farmacias y hogares de las familias indígenas durante 2012-2013. RESULTADOS: El estudio demostró que los indígenas se proveían de medicamentos por diversas vías. En algunos de los grupos se registró una alta incidencia de automedicación con consumo de analgésicos, antiinflamatorios y antibióticos (amoxicilina), una coexistencia de prácticas culturales propias con las del sistema biomédico y diversos recorridos terapéuticos. Se observó una mayor presencia de medicamentos en los grupos guaraní y tapiete de Salta y la comunidad periurbana toba de Formosa, menor en lapilagá y escasa en la mbya-guaraní. CONCLUSIONES: El vínculo con los medicamentos muestra una gran variabilidad según el grupo étnico. Existe una marcada aceptación, pese a la difícil relación con los servicios de salud. Es necesario considerar las prácticas de la salud y la enfermedad en los pueblos originarios a fin de mejorar las acciones preventivas y de intervención...
Practices related with use and consumption of pharmaceuticals constitute a venue to analyze thein corporation of biomedicine and public health actions among indigenous peoples. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the use, circulation and meaning given to pharmaceuticals by Tapiete, Guaraní, Mbya-Guaraní, Pilagá and Toba indigenous communities from rural and peri-urban areas in the Argentine provinces of Salta, Formosa and Misiones. METHODS: Descriptive, comparative and exploratory study, based on qualitative techniques: observation and semi-structured interviews conducted in hospitals, health centers, pharmacies and houses of indigenous families during 2012-2013. RESULTS: Indigenous peoples obtained pharmaceuticals through different channels. In some of the groups there was a high incidence of self-medication with consumption ofanalgesics, anti-inflammatories and antibiotics (amoxicillin), aswell as a coexistence of native cultural practices and those of the biomedical health system and diverse therapeutic itineraries.There was a larger presence of pharmaceuticals among Guaraní and Tapiete groups in Salta and the peri-urban Toba community in Formosa, less among the Pilagá and scarce among the Mbya-Guaraní. CONCLUSIONS: The relation with pharmaceuticals varies greatly according to the ethnic group. In spite of the difficult relation with health care services, there iswide acceptance of pharmaceuticals. It is necessary to consider the health and illness practices of native peoples to improve preventive measures and interventions...
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Services Accessibility/economics , Anthropology, Cultural/education , Anthropology, Cultural/history , Self Medication/statistics & numerical data , Nonprescription Drugs/supply & distribution , Medicine, Traditional/history , Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply & distribution , Qualitative Research , Health of Indigenous Peoples/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar de forma sucinta as bases da Medicina Clássica Indiana, o Ayurveda. A palavra sânscrita Ayurveda significa literalmente o conhecimento (veda) da longevidade (ayus). Apresentamos um histórico das principais influências de outras medicinas ancestrais que conviveram com o Ayurveda, principalmente graças às várias invasões que o território indiano sofreu ao longo de toda sua história. Diferenciamos o Ayurveda de caráter experimental e de refinada observação de sintomas e sinais das doenças de outras formas de medicina mística praticadas no mesmo território indiano por sacerdotes brâmanes ritualistas. São delineados os princípios fundamentais do Ayurveda, desde a Filosofia Samkhya que oferece suas bases metafísicas, passando pela doutrina dos três humores (tridosha vidya) e dos cinco elementos básicos, pela fisiopatologia com a descrição das várias etapas evolutivas das doenças e seus prognósticos e pela funcionalidade dos sete tecidos corporais, tanto na sua forma saudável como patológica. Descrevemos também os canais de circulação (srotamsi) com suas respectivas funções de conduzir materiais densos como o sangue, a transpiração, as fezes e a urina, bem como os canais de energia sutil responsáveis pela condução dos pensamentos e das funções mentais. As técnicas de diagnóstico são também apresentadas em conjunto com as variadas formas de tratamento, baseadas em terapias mente-corpo como as práticas de ioga e meditação.
The aim of this article is to introduce briefly the foundations of the Classical Indian Medicine, Ayurveda. The Sanskrit word Ayurveda literally means the knowledge (veda) of longevity (ayus). We present a history on the main influences of other ancient medicines that coexisted with Ayurveda, due to the several invasions that the Indian Territory suffered throughout all of its history. Ayurveda has an experimental character and a refined observation of symptoms and signs of diseases, distinct from other forms of mystic medicines practiced within the Indian Territory by orthodox Brahmins priests. The fundamental principles of Ayurveda go from the Samkhya Philosophy that offers its metaphysical bases, through the three humours (tridosha vidya) and five basic elements doctrines, the pathophysiology with the description of the numerous evolutionary steps of diseases and prognosis according to functionality of the seven basic body tissues, in both their healthy and pathological forms. Likewise, we describe the channels of circulation (srotamsi) with their respective functions of conducting dense materials such as blood, perspiration, feces and urine, as well as the subtle energy channels, responsible for the conduction of thoughts and mental functions.